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Blackwell Science, Oxford, UK. Hartl, D. Genetics : Analysis of Genes and Genomes , 5th ed. Holland Adaptation in Natural and Artificial Systems. University of Michigan Press. Mitchell , S. For most genes, the expression of the gene results in the production of a functional protein. The functioning of proteins within living cells affects the traits of an organism. A gene is a segment of DNA that usually encodes the information for the production of a specific protein.
Genes are found within chromosomes. Many genes are found within a single chromosome. An allele is an alternative version of a particular gene. For example, suppose a plant has a flower color gene. One allele could produce a white flower, while a different allele could produce an orange flower. The white allele and orange allele are alleles of the flower color gene. A DNA sequence is a sequence of nucleotides. The information within a DNA sequence which is transcribed into an RNA sequence specifies the amino acid sequence within a protein.
Answer: The statement in part A is not correct. Individuals do not evolve. Populations evolve because certain individuals are more likely to survive and reproduce and pass their genes to succeeding generations. How genes and traits are transmitted from parents to offspring.
How the genetic material functions at the molecular and cellular levels. Why genetic variation exists in populations, and how it changes over the course of many generations. Experimental Questions E1. Answer: A genetic cross involves breeding two different individuals. Answer: This would be used primarily by molecular geneticists, but it could also be used by transmission and population geneticists..
Answer: We would see 47 chromosomes instead of There would be three copies of chromosome 21 instead of two copies. Transmission geneticists. Dog breeders are interested in how genetic crosses affect the traits of dogs. Molecular geneticists. This is a good model organism to study genetics at the molecular level. Both transmission geneticists and molecular geneticists. Fruit flies are easy to cross and study the transmission of genes and traits from parents to offspring.
Molecular geneticists have also studied many genes in fruit flies to see how they function at the molecular level. Population geneticists.
Most wild animals and plants would be the subject of population geneticists. In the wild, you cannot make controlled crosses. But you can study genetic variation within populations and try to understand its relationship to the environment. Agricultural breeders are interested in how genetic crosses affect the outcome of traits.
Answer: You need to follow the scientific method. You can take a look at an experiment in another chapter to see how the scientific method is followed. Answer: Segregation means that the T and t alleles separate from each other so that a gamete receives one of them, but not both.
The alleles of the same gene are not linked. This was readily apparent in many of his crosses. For example, when he crossed two true-breeding plants for a trait such as height i. This was not consistent with blending. In other words, the F2 generation displayed phenotypes that were like the parental generation. There did not appear to be a blending to create an. Instead, the genetic determinants did not seem to change from one generation to the next.
Answer: In the case of plants, cross-fertilization occurs when the pollen and eggs come from different plants while in self-fertilization they come from the same plant.
Tall pea plants, red hair in humans, and vestigial wings in fruit flies are phenotypes. Homozygous, TT, in pea plants; a heterozygous carrier of the cystic fibrosis allele; and homozygotes for the cystic fibrosis allele are descriptions of genotypes. It is possible to have different genotypes and the same phenotype. For example, a pea plant that is TT or Tt would both have a tall phenotype. Answer: A homozygote that has two copies of the same allele.
Answer: Conduct a cross in which the unknown individual is bred to an individual that carries only recessive alleles for the gene in question. Answer: Diploid organisms contain two copies of each type of gene. When they make gametes, only one copy of each gene is found in a gamete.
Two alleles cannot stay together within the same gamete. Answer: B. This statement is not correct because these are alleles of different genes. Answer: The recessive phenotype must be a homozygote.
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